References

1. Shingler and Weiringa (1998:1) describe radio as the "'poor relation' of society's most popular form of entertainment, television". Crisell (1994:27, 1997:132 and 1998:117) and Tracey (1998:66) all comment upon radio's subordination in the wake of television and its subsequent slump in audience figures. Conversely, Scannell (1996:84), draws upon the television coverage of the 'Coronation' event and its year-long careful planning, to examine the 'liveness' of the broadcast coverage and its' public inclusion. This, he argues, duly served to create the feeling of 'being in two places at once or two times at once' (ibid: 91) and remarks that the event set television's role in coverage of exclusive events.

2. IATEFL <http://www.iatefl.org/>, recently produced a report <http://www.man.ac.uk/IATEFL/il.html/>, regarding the World Service <http://http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/index.shtml/> and it's value in teaching English. Also see: <http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/radio/cox.htm> and <http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/education/newsletter/9804rad.htm>. Scannel (1995:6) also reminds us that 'the BBC still stands as the quintessential model of Public Service Broadcasting world-wide, particularly in the view of national governments seeking to establish or revitalise broadcasting systems'.

3. See Crisell (1994:29, 1997:133-4, and 1998:118), for accounts of this. Also, Ducey (1995:159-60).

4. I am aware that I am examining this point from an exclusively British perspective. Difference in 'choice', especially in FM availability, depends on population and location. London has significantly more radio stations than anywhere else in the UK. Therefore 'choice' varies greatly between regions. For reports on the opening of new markets, see Collins and Murroni (1996:140-3), Scannell (1995: 38-9), Spangenberg (1997:17) and Tracey (1998:202-16).

5. Source: <http://www.gwrgroup.musicradio.com/consult.html> on the Future of Commercial Radio.

6. There is a wealth of information available: <http://www.bbc.co.uk/dab/flash/press/releases/two.shtml>, <http://www.bbc.co.uk/dab/flash/press/photo.shtml> and <http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/entertainment/newsid_118000/118633.stm> together provide a brief introduction to the innovations in shape, aesthetics and possible future designs for digital radio receivers. These radios will have screens, so will bear closer resemblance to televisions and computers. The British 'hi-fi separates' designers, Arcam, have designed a high-end digital tuner <http://www.arcam.co.uk/products/tuners/tualpha10.html>.

7. These are: Bosch/Blaupunkt <http://www.bosch.de/de_e/news/blaupunkt.html>, Clarion <http://www.clarion.co.uk/site/index.html>, Grundig <http://www.grundig.com/produkte/index.html>, Pioneer <http://www.pioneer-eur.com/products/car/index.html> and Kenwood <http://www.KENWOOD-ELECTRONICS.CO.UK/java/kenwood_netscape/car_page/index_car.html>.

8. Many critics have defined radio as a 'blind' medium. Crisell (1994:3), mentions this in the first sentence of Understanding Radio, Shingler and Weiringa (1998:73-93) examine Under Milk Wood in the context audience dependence upon narration for 'visual' signposts. Alternately in The Invisible Medium (1989), Lewis, P.M. and Booth, J. purport to 'raise the visibility of radio' in an academic context, whilst also playing upon radio's lack of visual stimulus. Powell III. (1995:75) Examined the impact of the 1938 War Of The Worlds broadcast and compares radio to literature in its capacity to engage the imagination, 'permitting us to create our own images in our minds eye'.

9. See Evans, R.H. (BBC RD 1996/10) 'Radio with Pictures - a New Medium' <http://www.bbc.co.uk/rd/pubs/reports/1996_10.html>

10. Source: <http://www.netmag.co.uk/features/41radio/default.asp>

11. Ibid.

12. See <http://www.virginradio.co.uk/>.

13. Source: <http://news2.thdo.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/monitoring/newsid%5F243000/243825.stm>

14. See <http://www.zdnet.com/devhead/stories/articles/0,4413,1600599,00.html> for a primer on DIY webcasting. Also <http://www.zdnet.com/devhead/stories/prtfriendly/0,4558,1600607,00.html>.

15. Source: BBC Press Release (1999) 'Tuned to perfection'.

16. Source: <http://www.netmag.co.uk/features/41radio/part2.asp>

17. Ibid.

18. See <http://www.wired.com/news/news/politics/story/13871.html>

19. Source: <http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid%5F129000/129755.stm>

20. See: <http://www.zdnet.com/devhead/stories/articles/0,4413,1600584,00.html> on audio-streaming.